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Information economics or the economics of information is a branch of microeconomic theory that studies how information and information systems affect an economy and economic decisions. Information has special characteristics. It is easy to create but hard to trust. It is easy to spread but hard to control. It influences many decisions. These special characteristics (as compared with other types of goods) complicate many standard economic theories.〔• Beth Allen, 1990. "Information as an Economic Commodity," ''American Economic Review'', 80(2), pp. (268 )–273. • Kenneth J. Arrow, 1999. "Information and the Organization of Industry," ch. 1, in Graciela Chichilnisky ''Markets, Information, and Uncertainty.'' Cambridge University Press, pp. (20–21 ). • _____, 1996. "The Economics of Information: An Exposition," ''Empirica'', 23(2), pp. (119 )–128. • _____, 1984. ''Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow'', v. 4, ''The Economics of Information''. (Description ) and chapter-preview (links. ) • Jean-Jacques Laffont, 1989. ''The Economics of Uncertainty and Information'', MIT Press. (Description ) and chapter-preview (links ).〕 The subject of "information economics" is treated under ''Journal of Economic Literature'' classification code JEL D8 – Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty. The present article reflects topics included in that code. There are several subfields of information economics. Information as signal has been described as a kind of negative measure of uncertainty.〔Kenneth J. Arrow, 1996. "The Economics of Information: An Exposition," ''Empirica'', 23(2), pp. 120–21.〕 It includes complete and scientific knowledge as special cases. The first insights in information economics related to the economics of information goods. In recent decades, there have been influential advances in the study of information asymmetries〔Charles Wilson, 2008. "adverse selection," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 and their implications for contract theory, including market failure as a possibility.〔• John O. Ledyard, 2008. "market failure," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Ed. (Abstract. ) • Armen A. Alchian and Harold Demsetz, 1972. "Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization," ''American Economic Review'', 62(5), pp. (777–795 ). • Sanford J. Grossman and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 1980. "On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets," ''American Economic Review'', 70(3), pp. (393–408 ). • • _____, 1987. "The Causes and Consequences of the Dependence of Quality on Prices," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 25(1), pp.(1–48 ). • _____, 2000. "The Contributions of the Economics of Information to Twentieth Century Economics," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 115(4) , pp. (1441 )–1478. • _____, 2002. "Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics," ''American Economic Review'', 92(3), pp. (460–501 ). from (''Nobel Prize Lecture'' ), December 8, 2001.〕 Information economics is formally related to game theory as to different types of games that may apply, including games with perfect information,〔Jan Mycielski, 1992. "Games with Perfect Information," ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 1, Elsevier, ch. 3, pp. (41 )–70.〕 complete information,〔• Adam Brandenburger, 2008. "epistemic game theory: complete information," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract ). • Sylvain Sorin, 1992. "Repeated Games with Complete Information," ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 1, Elsevier, ch. 4, pp. (71 )–107.〕 and incomplete information.〔• Aviad Heifetz. 2008. "epistemic game theory: incomplete information,"''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract ). • Robert J. Aumann and Aviad Heifetz, 2002. "Incomplete Information," ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 3, Elsevier, ch. 43, pp. (1665 )–1686. • Shmuel Zamir, 1992. "Repeated Games of Incomplete Information: Zero-Sum," ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 1, Elsevier, ch. 5, pp. (109 )–154. • Françoise Forges, 1992. "Repeated Games of Incomplete Information: Non-Zero-Sum," ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 1, Elsevier, ch. 6, pp. (155 )–177.〕 Experimental and game-theory methods have been developed to model and test theories of information economics,〔• S. S. Lippman, and J. J. McCall, 2001. "Information, Economics of," ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'', pp. (7480 )–7486. • Eric Rasmusen, 2007. ''Games and Information'', 4th ed. (Description ) and chapter-preview (links. ) • Charles R. Plott and Vernon L. Smith, 2008. ''Handbook of Experimental Economics Results'', v. 1, Elsevier, Part 2: Market Economics of Uncertainty and Information and Part 4: Games, respectively, chapters 34–40 & 45–66 preview (links ). • Karl-Gustaf Löfgren, Torsten Persson, and Jörgen W. Weibull, 2002. "Markets with Asymmetric Information: The Contributions of George Akerlof, Michael Spence and Joseph Stiglitz," ''Scandinavian Journal of Economics'', 104(2), pp. (195–211 ).〕 including potential public-policy applications such as mechanism design to elicit information-sharing and otherwise welfare-enhancing behavior.〔• Roger B. Myerson, 2008. "mechanism design," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • _____, 2008. "revelation," principle," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • _____, 2008. "Perspectives on Mechanism Design in Economic Theory," ''American Economic Review'', 98(3), pp. (586–603 ). Revised from Nobel-prize lecture. • Noam Nisan and Amir Ronen, 2001. "Algorithmic Mechanism Design," ''Games and Economic Behavior'', 35(1–2), pp. (166 )–196.〕 ==Value of information== The starting point for economic analysis is the observation that information has economic value because it allows individuals to make choices that yield higher expected payoffs or expected utility than they would obtain from choices made in the absence of information. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「information economics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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